Whooping Cough in Quebec: Understanding and Preventing this Disease

Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a highly contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the respiratory tract. Although vaccination has significantly reduced its incidence, whooping cough remains a public health concern, particularly in Quebec. This article explores the key aspects of whooping cough, its impact in Quebec, and the preventive measures to adopt.

What is Whooping Cough?

Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterised by violent and uncontrollable coughing fits that can make breathing difficult. The illness generally begins with symptoms similar to those of a cold, such as a runny nose, mild fever, and a slight cough, but quickly evolves into severe coughing spells.

Symptoms and Complications

Whooping cough symptoms evolve in three phases:

1. Catarrhal phase (1 to 2 weeks): Resembles a cold, with a slight cough, runny nose, and mild fever.

2. Paroxysmal phase (1 to 6 weeks): Violent and repetitive coughing, followed by a "whooping" sound when the patient catches their breath.

3. Convalescence phase (2 to 3 weeks): The cough begins to improve, but spells may persist for weeks or months.

Whooping cough can lead to serious complications, particularly in infants and young children, such as pneumonia, seizures, and, in rare cases, death.

Contagion Period

• Without treatment: Whooping cough is most contagious in the first two weeks after the onset of the paroxysmal cough, but the person can remain contagious for up to about three weeks after the coughing spells begin.

• With treatment: The administration of antibiotics (such as azithromycin) reduces the contagion period to approximately five days after the start of treatment.

Exclusion Period (Quarantine)

• Without treatment: People with whooping cough must be in quarantine for 21 days from the onset of the paroxysmal cough.

• With treatment: Quarantine can be reduced to 5 days after the start of antibiotic treatment.

Whooping Cough Situation in Quebec

Quebec has seen a significant reduction in whooping cough cases thanks to a robust vaccination program. However, occasional outbreaks continue to occur, highlighting the importance of vigilance and continuous vaccination. In 2019, for example, an outbreak was reported in certain regions of Quebec, reminding us of the need to maintain high vaccination coverage.

In 2024, Quebec is experiencing a significant increase in whooping cough (pertussis) cases. Since the beginning of the year, more than 6,000 cases have been reported in the province, a figure significantly higher than the usual annual average of between 240 and 1,600 cases. The Estrie and Chaudière-Appalaches regions are particularly affected, with 810 and 948 cases reported to date, respectively.

Prevention and Vaccination

Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure against whooping cough. The DTaP vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) is administered to children in several doses starting at 2 months of age. Boosters are also important to maintain immunity, especially for adolescents and adults, as the immunity provided by vaccination weakens over time.

Prevention Tips

• Vaccination: Ensure that you and your children are up to date with your vaccines.

• Hygiene: Wash your hands regularly and avoid close contact with sick people.

• Medical consultation: Seek a medical consultation if you or your child exhibit symptoms of whooping cough.

Conclusion

Whooping cough is a serious but preventable disease through vaccination and good hygiene. In Quebec, although the situation is generally under control, continuous efforts are necessary to prevent outbreaks and protect vulnerable populations. Vigilance, vaccination, and education are the keys to keeping whooping cough at bay.

If you have a cough and think you may have whooping cough, we suggest booking an appointment directly on our website allodocteur.ca.